Contents
	oe.cd/child-well-being
	OECD Child Well-Being Data Portal
	Label:	Children who are top performers on the PIRLS reading assessment
	Title:	"Fourth grade" students who attained the Advanced International Benchmark on the PIRLS reading assessment
	Year(s):	2011, 2016, 2021
	Note(s):	Data refer to the percentage of "fourth grade" students who attained the "Advanced International Benchmark" on the PIRLS reading assessment.  "Fourth grade students" is used as shorthand for the PIRLS fourth grade target populations, and refers generally to students in their fourth year of formal schooling, or the fifth year of formal schooling in countries where the average age of fourth-year students falls below 9.5 years (England, Malta, New Zealand (years 4.5-5.5)).  Norway also chose voluntarily to test students in the fifth rather than fourth year of formal schooling in 2016 and 2021.  Average age of students at the time of testing can vary across countries by just over a year depending on age-at-school-entry policies.  Disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic have led some countries to delay their data collection for the PIRLS 2021 cycle by a few months to the beginning of fifth grade (Croatia, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands (partly), Northern Ireland, United States), increasing the average age of students by about 0.5 years while other countries (Australia, Brazil, England, Israel, South Africa) have delayed data collection by a year and assessed the next fourth grade cohort of students. For more detail on the construction of the PIRLS achievement scales and achievement benchmarks and/or the students assessed, see the PIRLS 2021 Technical Report (https://pirls2021.org/methods/) and the corresponding technical reports from earlier rounds.
	Source(s):	OECD Secretariat calculations based on the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement's (IEA) Progress in International Reading Literacy Study 2011 (PIRLS 2011), Progress in International Reading Literacy Study 2016 (PIRLS 2016) and Progress in International Reading Literacy Study 2021 (PIRLS 2021).
	Link(s):	IEA TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Centre
	Disclaimer(s):	This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.
		The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
_x000D_&1#&"Calibri"&10&K0000FF Restricted Use - À usage restreint	
http://www.oecd.org/social/family/child-well-being/datahttps://oe.cd/child-well-beinghttps://timssandpirls.bc.edu/index.html
Notes
	oe.cd/child-well-being
	OECD Child Well-Being Data Portal
	Gender	A student's gender is captured by the question whether they are a boy or a girl until 2019. In 2021, the question asks what best describes them between 'boy', 'girl' or 'other'. In many countries, the response option 'other' was not administered or data are not available. In other countries, this third response option was modified, e.g., to 'diverse or undecided' or 'I prefer not to say'. For more information, see Supplement 2 of the PIRLS 2021 User Guide: https://pirls2021.org/data/downloads/P21_UG_Supplement2.pdf.
	Migrant status:	A student's migrant status is captured by a two-part measure based on the reported country of birth of their parents/guardians:
• No migrant background: students who report that one or both of their parents/guardians was/were born in the country where they sat the TIMSS/PIRLS test, regardless of whether the student himself or herself was born in that country.
• Migrant background: students who report that both of their parents/guardians were born in a country other than that where the student sat the TIMSS/PIRLS test. The student themselves may or may not have been born in the country where they sat the TIMSS/PIRLS test.
'Parents' are self-identified by the student and information on their country of birth is reported by the student. In 2019, the question asked students for the country of birth of their "parent/guardian A" and "parent/guardian B". For earlier years, it specified that students should respond for their "mother (or stepmother or female guardian)" and "father (or stepfather or male guardian)".
	"Test" language spoken at home:	The student's language spoken at home is captured by a two-part measure based on their response to the question "How often do you speak <language of test> at home?":
• Always or almost always: students who report that they "always" or "almost always" speak the language in which they are taking the TIMSS/PIRLS test when they are at home.
• Sometimes or never: students who report that they "sometimes" or "never" speak the language in which they are taking the TIMSS/PIRLS test when they are at home.
	Highest education level of the parents:	The education level of the student's parents is captured by a three-part measure based on the highest level of education attained by either of their parents/caregivers:
• Low education: the highest level of education attained by either parent/caregiver corresponds to ISCED 2011 levels 0-2 (below upper secondary education)
• Medium education: the highest level of education attained by either parent/caregiver corresponds to ISCED 2011 levels 3-4 (upper secondary education)
• High education: the highest level of education attained by either parent/caregiver corresponds to ISCED 2011 levels 5-8 (tertiary education)
Information on parent's/caregiver's educational attainment is reported by the student's parents/caregivers. Since 2019, the question asks for the educational attainment of the child's "parent/guardian A" and "parent/guardian B". For earlier years, it specified that responses should be for the child's "mother (or stepmother or female guardian)" and "father (or stepfather or male guardian)".
	TIMSS/PIRLS Home Resources for Learning Scale (HRL):	The TIMSS/PIRLS Home Resources for Learning Scale (HRL) is a composite measure used to estimate a student's home learning environment and their socio-economic environment more generally. The index is derived from several student- and parent-reported variables related to the student's home and family background: the number of books in the home (student-reported); the number of children's books in the home (parent-reported); the presence of an internet connection and/or a student's own room (student-reported); parents’ highest level of education (parent-reported); and parents’ highest occupational status (parent-reported). Here, students are divided into three groups according to their position in the distribution of HRL scores in their country or region in the given survey round:
• Low (1st quartile): students with scores on the HRL scale that are among the bottom 25% within their country or region.
• Medium (2nd and 3rd quartiles): students with scores on the HRL scale that are among the second and third 25% within their country or region.
• High (4th quartile): students with scores on the HRL scale that are among the top 25% within their country or region.
For more details on the calculation of the TIMSS/PIRLS Home Resources for Learning Scale, see the PIRLS 2021 Technical Report (https://pirls2021.org/methods/) and the respective technical reports from earlier rounds.
_x000D_&1#&"Calibri"&10&K0000FF Restricted Use - À usage restreint	
http://www.oecd.org/social/family/child-well-being/datahttps://oe.cd/child-well-being
2021
	oe.cd/child-well-being
	OECD Child Well-Being Data Portal
	Children who are top performers on the PIRLS reading assessment
	"Fourth grade" students who attained the Advanced International Benchmark on the PIRLS reading assessment
	2021
				Total				Gender													Migrant status										"Test" language spoken at home										Highest education level of the parents													TIMSS/PIRLS Home Resources for Learning Scale
								Male			Female			Other			Difference (Female - Male)				No migrant background			Migrant background			Difference (Migrant - No migrant background)				Always or almost always			Sometimes or never			Difference (Sometimes or never - Always)				High education			Medium education			Low education			Difference (Low education - High education)				High (4th quartile)			Medium (2nd and 3rd quartiles)			Low (1st quartile)			Difference (Low - High)
	Country code	Country	Note
					%	S.E.			%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.	P.P.	S.E.	p-value			%	S.E.		%	S.E.	P.P.	S.E.	p-value			%	S.E.		%	S.E.	P.P.	S.E.	p-value			%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.	P.P.	S.E.	p-value			%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.	P.P.	S.E.	p-value
	AUS	Australia	d.		14.1	(0.7)			12.1	(0.9)		16.3	(1.2)		..	..	4.2	(1.5)	0.004			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			13.8	(0.8)		16.3	(1.8)	2.5	(1.9)	0.192			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	AUT	Austria			7.2	(0.7)			5.4	(0.8)		9.1	(1.1)		(u)	..	3.7	(1.2)	0.003			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			8.8	(0.9)		2.6	(0.6)	-6.3	(1.2)	0.000			11.9	(1.1)		3.2	(0.8)		0.7	(0.6)	-11.2	(1.3)	0.000			21.2	(2.3)		7.0	(0.9)		0.7	(0.5)	-20.5	(2.4)	0.000
	BE-VLG	Belgium (Flemish)			3.3	(0.5)			3.3	(0.6)		3.4	(0.7)		2.8	(2.2)	0.1	(0.8)	0.894			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			4.0	(0.6)		1.8	(0.6)	-2.2	(0.6)	0.000			5.1	(0.8)		1.4	(0.8)		0.6	(0.6)	-4.5	(1.1)	0.000			9.1	(2.0)		3.6	(0.7)		0.7	(0.3)	-8.4	(2.1)	0.000
	BE-WAL	Belgium (French)			2.7	(0.5)			2.4	(0.4)		3.0	(0.8)		..	..	0.6	(0.8)	0.452			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			3.0	(0.6)		2.0	(0.7)	-1.0	(0.8)	0.225		(r)	5.0	(0.9)	(r)	0.6	(0.3)	(r)	0.5	(0.6)	-4.5	(1.0)	0.000			7.7	(1.6)		2.7	(0.6)		0.3	(0.3)	-7.4	(1.5)	0.000
	CAN	Canada			..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	CHL	Chile			..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	COL	Colombia			..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	CRI	Costa Rica			..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	CZE	Czech Republic			11.2	(0.8)			11.5	(1.0)		11.2	(1.1)		..	..	-0.3	(1.4)	0.825			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			11.9	(0.8)		6.7	(1.4)	-5.1	(1.5)	0.001			19.9	(1.4)		7.1	(0.8)		0.8	(1.1)	-19.1	(1.5)	0.000			24.3	(1.9)		12.1	(1.0)		3.2	(0.7)	-21.1	(2.0)	0.000
	DNK	Denmark			10.8	(0.8)			8.8	(0.9)		13.0	(1.0)		(u)	..	4.2	(1.2)	0.000			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			11.7	(0.9)		7.4	(1.3)	-4.3	(1.5)	0.004		(r)	13.2	(1.0)	(r)	6.7	(2.1)	(r)	2.6	(1.9)	-10.5	(2.5)	0.000			23.5	(2.2)		11.5	(1.0)		4.5	(0.9)	-19.0	(2.5)	0.000
	EST	Estonia			..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	FIN	Finland			14.3	(1.0)			12.3	(1.3)		16.6	(1.2)		8.2	(3.2)	4.3	(1.5)	0.003			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			15.2	(1.0)		7.7	(1.8)	-7.5	(1.7)	0.000			17.8	(1.3)		8.0	(1.1)		2.1	(1.5)	-15.7	(2.0)	0.000			27.3	(2.4)		15.5	(1.2)		5.9	(0.8)	-21.3	(2.6)	0.000
	FRA	France			4.7	(0.6)			3.9	(0.6)		5.7	(0.9)		..	..	1.9	(0.9)	0.034			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			5.4	(0.7)		1.8	(0.5)	-3.6	(0.8)	0.000			7.9	(1.0)		1.8	(0.5)		0.8	(0.6)	-7.1	(1.2)	0.000			13.5	(1.5)		4.4	(0.8)		1.0	(0.4)	-12.6	(1.6)	0.000
	DEU	Germany			8.3	(0.7)			8.0	(0.8)		10.5	(1.2)		(u)	..	2.6	(1.2)	0.032			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			10.6	(1.0)		4.1	(0.9)	-6.5	(1.2)	0.000		(r)	15.6	(1.8)	(r)	5.7	(1.0)	(r)	4.1	(1.5)	-11.5	(2.3)	0.000		(r)	24.6	(2.5)	(r)	12.6	(1.8)	(r)	2.9	(0.7)	-21.7	(2.5)	0.000
	GRC	Greece			..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	HUN	Hungary	b.		13.4	(0.9)			11.9	(1.0)		14.9	(1.3)		..	..	3.0	(1.6)	0.056			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			13.8	(0.9)		5.1	(1.9)	-8.6	(2.3)	0.000		(r)	25.2	(2.0)	(r)	7.8	(1.0)	(r)	1.4	(1.0)	-23.7	(2.4)	0.000		(r)	31.9	(3.1)	(r)	15.4	(1.5)	(r)	2.8	(0.8)	-29.1	(3.1)	0.000
	ISL	Iceland			..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	IRL	Ireland	b.		26.9	(1.3)			24.1	(1.5)		30.4	(2.0)		(u)	..	6.3	(2.2)	0.004			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			28.1	(1.5)		21.5	(2.1)	-6.6	(2.4)	0.005			33.5	(1.6)		16.0	(2.2)		5.2	(1.6)	-28.4	(2.1)	0.000			52.1	(2.7)		26.5	(1.5)		10.0	(1.4)	-42.1	(3.4)	0.000
	ISR	Israel	d.		8.2	(0.7)			8.1	(0.9)		8.5	(0.9)		..	..	0.4	(1.0)	0.682			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			8.9	(0.8)		6.1	(1.1)	-2.8	(1.2)	0.017		(r)	11.3	(1.1)	(r)	3.2	(1.1)	(r)	(u)	..	..	..	..		(r)	18.1	(2.5)	(r)	8.7	(0.9)	(r)	2.3	(0.8)	-15.8	(2.8)	0.000
	ITA	Italy			8.2	(0.6)			7.5	(0.7)		9.1	(0.9)		..	..	1.6	(0.9)	0.084			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			8.9	(0.7)		4.8	(0.9)	-4.1	(1.1)	0.000			14.9	(1.6)		6.6	(0.8)		2.1	(0.6)	-12.9	(1.5)	0.000			18.2	(1.8)		8.5	(0.8)		3.0	(0.6)	-15.2	(2.0)	0.000
	JPN	Japan			..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	KOR	Korea			..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	LVA	Latvia	b.		8.5	(0.7)			5.8	(0.9)		11.3	(1.0)		..	..	5.6	(1.4)	0.000			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			9.1	(0.7)		5.5	(1.4)	-3.6	(1.6)	0.021			11.6	(0.9)		5.5	(1.0)		3.7	(2.4)	-7.9	(2.6)	0.002			18.1	(1.6)		8.3	(0.9)		3.9	(1.1)	-14.2	(2.0)	0.000
	LTU	Lithuania	b.		14.1	(1.1)			11.3	(1.3)		17.0	(1.2)		..	..	5.7	(1.4)	0.000			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			15.3	(1.2)		8.4	(1.4)	-7.0	(1.8)	0.000			(u)	..		(u)	..		(u)	..	..	..	..			(u)	..		(u)	..		(u)	..	..	..	..
	LUX	Luxembourg			..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	MEX	Mexico			..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	NLD	Netherlands	a., c.		6.4	(0.7)			5.2	(0.9)		7.9	(0.9)		5.1	(2.8)	2.7	(1.0)	0.009			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			6.8	(0.8)		5.1	(1.4)	-1.8	(1.4)	0.217			(u)	..		(u)	..		(u)	..	..	..	..			(u)	..		(u)	..		(u)	..	..	..	..
	NZL	New Zealand	b.		11.3	(0.8)			9.6	(0.9)		14.0	(1.1)		9.7	(1.6)	4.4	(1.3)	0.001			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			(u)	..		(u)	..		(u)	..	..	..	..			(u)	..		(u)	..		(u)	..	..	..	..
	NOR	Norway	b.		10.7	(0.6)			9.1	(0.7)		12.8	(0.9)		..	..	3.6	(1.0)	0.000			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			11.8	(0.7)		7.6	(1.1)	-4.2	(1.1)	0.000		(r)	14.4	(0.8)	(r)	5.6	(1.3)	(r)	1.9	(1.3)	-12.5	(1.5)	0.000			24.5	(2.2)		12.4	(0.9)		3.5	(0.8)	-21.0	(2.3)	0.000
	POL	Poland			13.8	(0.8)			10.8	(0.9)		17.2	(1.2)		..	..	6.4	(1.4)	0.000			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			14.1	(0.8)		10.4	(2.1)	-3.7	(2.2)	0.099			19.0	(1.1)		7.8	(1.0)		(u)	..	..	..	..			29.2	(2.2)		13.8	(1.0)		4.9	(1.1)	-24.3	(2.7)	0.000
	PRT	Portugal			5.8	(0.6)			5.7	(0.6)		5.8	(0.6)		..	..	0.1	(0.6)	0.894			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			6.1	(0.6)		3.5	(1.1)	-2.5	(1.2)	0.040			10.6	(1.0)		3.2	(0.7)		1.6	(0.5)	-9.0	(1.1)	0.000			15.5	(1.9)		5.4	(0.8)		1.6	(0.5)	-13.9	(1.9)	0.000
	SVK	Slovak Republic			8.0	(0.8)			6.9	(1.0)		9.0	(0.9)		..	..	2.2	(1.0)	0.037			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			8.8	(0.9)		4.1	(0.9)	-4.7	(1.3)	0.000			13.1	(1.3)		5.2	(0.8)		0.8	(0.6)	-12.4	(1.5)	0.000			19.3	(2.1)		8.4	(1.0)		1.8	(0.5)	-17.4	(2.1)	0.000
	SVN	Slovenia			5.2	(0.5)			4.8	(0.6)		5.6	(0.7)		..	..	0.9	(0.7)	0.232			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			5.8	(0.6)		2.2	(0.8)	-3.6	(0.8)	0.000			7.2	(0.8)		2.0	(0.7)		(u)	..	..	..	..			12.1	(1.5)		5.0	(0.7)		1.6	(0.4)	-10.5	(1.5)	0.000
	ESP	Spain			5.5	(0.6)			5.4	(0.6)		5.8	(0.8)		..	..	0.4	(0.8)	0.648			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			7.0	(0.7)		2.3	(0.7)	-4.7	(0.9)	0.000			7.9	(0.9)		2.6	(0.7)		1.6	(0.6)	-6.3	(1.1)	0.000			13.0	(1.5)		4.9	(0.7)		1.8	(0.4)	-11.2	(1.6)	0.000
	SWE	Sweden			14.6	(0.9)			13.0	(0.9)		16.6	(1.5)		(u)	..	3.6	(1.6)	0.024			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			17.5	(1.1)		7.3	(0.9)	-10.1	(1.1)	0.000		(r)	23.2	(1.5)	(r)	11.3	(1.8)	(r)	2.7	(2.3)	-20.5	(2.8)	0.000		(r)	38.5	(3.5)	(r)	19.5	(1.7)	(r)	6.7	(1.3)	-31.8	(3.9)	0.000
	CHE	Switzerland			..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	TUR	Türkiye			5.4	(0.5)			4.5	(0.6)		6.4	(0.7)		..	..	1.9	(0.8)	0.026			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			6.0	(0.6)		3.4	(1.1)	-2.6	(1.1)	0.020			14.7	(1.5)		4.6	(0.7)		1.6	(0.3)	-13.2	(1.5)	0.000			15.0	(1.5)		4.2	(0.5)		0.7	(0.3)	-14.3	(1.5)	0.000
	GB-ENG	United Kingdom (England)	b., d.		18.2	(1.2)			16.4	(1.6)		19.9	(1.4)		(u)	..	3.6	(1.8)	0.051			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			18.6	(1.2)		17.0	(1.9)	-1.6	(1.9)	0.381			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	GB-NIR	United Kingdom (N. Ireland)	b.		23.3	(1.2)			19.7	(1.5)		26.4	(1.4)		28.8	(6.2)	6.6	(1.6)	0.000			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			23.7	(1.2)		19.9	(3.6)	-3.8	(3.5)	0.285		(r)	35.4	(1.8)	(r)	18.8	(2.1)	(r)	12.4	(2.4)	-23.0	(3.0)	0.000		(r)	49.6	(3.4)	(r)	30.2	(1.8)	(r)	12.1	(1.7)	-37.5	(3.6)	0.000
	GB-SCT	United Kingdom (Scotland)			..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	GB-WLS	United Kingdom (Wales)			..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	USA	United States	a., b.		18.0	(2.1)			17.1	(2.3)		19.7	(2.9)		(u)	..	2.6	(2.9)	0.375			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			19.9	(2.2)		12.3	(3.1)	-7.6	(2.8)	0.006			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	ARG	Argentina			..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	BRA	Brazil	d.		2.0	(0.3)			1.7	(0.5)		2.4	(0.6)		(u)	..	0.7	(0.9)	0.457			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			2.1	(0.3)		1.9	(1.1)	-0.3	(1.1)	0.799		(r)	7.7	(1.4)	(r)	1.5	(0.6)	(r)	0.2	(0.3)	-7.5	(1.4)	0.000		(r)	8.3	(1.4)	(r)	1.1	(0.6)	(r)	0.2	(0.3)	-8.1	(1.4)	0.000
	BGR	Bulgaria			15.9	(0.8)			14.1	(0.9)		17.9	(1.0)		..	..	3.8	(1.3)	0.002			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			18.1	(0.8)		6.4	(1.5)	-11.7	(1.7)	0.000			26.8	(1.2)		7.8	(1.1)		1.7	(1.0)	-25.1	(1.6)	0.000			34.3	(2.2)		16.9	(0.9)		1.8	(0.8)	-32.5	(2.4)	0.000
	HRV	Croatia	b.		15.5	(1.0)			12.9	(1.3)		18.3	(1.6)		..	..	5.5	(2.0)	0.006			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			16.2	(1.0)		10.1	(2.7)	-6.1	(2.8)	0.027			23.7	(1.6)		9.6	(1.3)		(u)	..	..	..	..			30.2	(2.5)		16.3	(1.6)		5.2	(1.2)	-25.0	(2.5)	0.000
	PER	Peru			..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	ROU	Romania			..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	CHN	China			..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	IND	India			..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	IDN	Indonesia			..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	ZAF	South Africa	d.		0.6	(0.2)			0.5	(0.2)		0.8	(0.3)		..	..	0.4	(0.3)	0.177			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			0.7	(0.3)		0.7	(0.4)	-0.1	(0.4)	0.876			(u)	..		(u)	..		(u)	..	..	..	..		(r)	4.0	(1.3)	(r)	0.2	(0.1)	(r)	0.1	(0.1)	-3.9	(1.3)	0.004
	CYP	Cyprus			6.2	(0.6)			5.6	(0.7)		6.8	(0.8)		..	..	1.2	(0.8)	0.158			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			6.7	(0.6)		5.2	(1.4)	-1.5	(1.5)	0.316			8.9	(0.9)		1.6	(0.4)		0.3	(0.7)	-8.6	(1.1)	0.000			16.7	(2.0)		5.7	(0.7)		0.9	(0.3)	-15.8	(2.0)	0.000
	MLT	Malta	b.		7.8	(0.6)			7.9	(0.9)		8.0	(0.8)		(u)	..	0.2	(1.3)	0.904			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			6.8	(0.8)		8.9	(0.9)	2.0	(1.2)	0.100		(r)	14.3	(1.5)	(r)	6.4	(1.2)	(r)	2.2	(0.8)	-12.1	(1.8)	0.000		(r)	19.5	(3.1)	(r)	9.5	(1.2)	(r)	2.7	(0.8)	-16.8	(3.3)	0.000
	OAVG	OECD average			10.6	..
	..	not available
	(r)	Low reliability due to high missing data rate
	(u)	Omitted due to small sample size or very high missing data rate
	Notes:	Differences highlighted in bold are statistically significant at p<0.05
		The OECD average excludes Belgium (Flemish- and French-speaking regions) and the United Kingdom (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales)
		a. Data for the Netherlands and the United States did not satisfy the TIMSS/PIRLS guidelines for sample participation rates.
		b. Data refer to children in the fifth year of formal schooling. Average ages at the time of testing were: England, 10.3; Malta, 9.9; New Zealand, 10.0; Norway, 10.8; Croatia, 11.2; Hungary, 11.2; Ireland, 11.0; Latvia, 11.3; Lithuania, 11.3; Northern Ireland, 10.8; United States, 10.7.
		c. In the Netherlands data colletion was split between the end of fourth grade (87% of students tested) and the the beginning of 5th grade (13% of students tested). Average ages at the time of testing were: first sample 10.1; second sample, 10.6.
		d. Data collection was delayed by a year due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 
	**	Footnote by Turkey: The information in this document with reference to « Cyprus » relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognizes the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”;
	***	Footnote by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Commission: The Republic of Cyprus is recognized by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Turkey. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.
_x000D_&1#&"Calibri"&10&K0000FF Restricted Use - À usage restreint	
http://www.oecd.org/social/family/child-well-being/datahttps://oe.cd/child-well-beinghttps://oe.cd/child-well-being
2016
	oe.cd/child-well-being
	OECD Child Well-Being Data Portal
	Children who are top performers on the PIRLS reading assessment
	"Fourth grade" students who attained the Advanced International Benchmark on the PIRLS reading assessment
	2016
				Total				Gender										Migrant status										"Test" language spoken at home										Highest education level of the parents													TIMSS/PIRLS Home Resources for Learning Scale
								Male			Female			Difference (Female - Male)				No migrant background			Migrant background			Difference (Migrant - No migrant background)				Always or almost always			Sometimes or never			Difference (Sometimes or never - Always)				High education			Medium education			Low education			Difference (Low education - High education)				High (4th quartile)			Medium (2nd and 3rd quartiles)			Low (1st quartile)			Difference (Low - High)
	Country code	Country	Note
					%	S.E.			%	S.E.		%	S.E.	P.P.	S.E.	p-value			%	S.E.		%	S.E.	P.P.	S.E.	p-value			%	S.E.		%	S.E.	P.P.	S.E.	p-value			%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.	P.P.	S.E.	p-value			%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.	P.P.	S.E.	p-value
	AUS	Australia			15.9	(1.0)			13.0	(1.1)		18.9	(1.4)	5.8	(1.4)	0.000			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			16.6	(1.2)		12.3	(1.6)	-4.3	(1.9)	0.026			(u)	..		(u)	..		(u)	..	..	..	..			(u)	..		(u)	..		(u)	..	..	..	..
	AUT	Austria			8.4	(0.8)			8.1	(1.0)		8.8	(1.0)	0.8	(1.3)	0.549			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			9.7	(0.8)		3.3	(1.1)	-6.4	(1.3)	0.000			14.1	(1.4)		3.6	(0.7)		0.5	(0.6)	-13.6	(1.5)	0.000			20.3	(2.0)		7.8	(0.9)		1.6	(0.6)	-18.7	(1.9)	0.000
	BE-VLG	Belgium (Flemish)			4.1	(0.4)			3.2	(0.5)		5.0	(0.5)	1.8	(0.7)	0.008			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			5.0	(0.5)		1.4	(0.5)	-3.6	(0.7)	0.000			6.2	(0.6)		1.5	(0.5)		0.7	(1.2)	-5.6	(1.2)	0.000			12.1	(1.3)		4.2	(0.6)		0.9	(0.5)	-11.2	(1.4)	0.000
	BE-WAL	Belgium (French)			2.6	(0.4)			2.3	(0.5)		2.8	(0.6)	0.5	(0.7)	0.534			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			2.8	(0.4)		1.7	(0.5)	-1.1	(0.6)	0.070			4.6	(0.6)		0.8	(0.6)		0.1	(0.3)	-4.5	(0.8)	0.000			8.5	(1.6)		2.0	(0.5)		0.1	(0.1)	-8.4	(1.6)	0.000
	CAN	Canada	a.		12.7	(0.7)			11.1	(0.8)		14.6	(0.9)	3.5	(1.0)	0.001			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			13.4	(0.8)		11.1	(1.1)	-2.3	(1.1)	0.041			18.1	(1.0)		7.7	(0.6)		3.6	(2.1)	-14.4	(2.1)	0.000			26.2	(1.4)		13.9	(1.0)		5.7	(0.7)	-20.5	(1.5)	0.000
	CHL	Chile			3.4	(0.4)			2.9	(0.5)		4.0	(0.6)	1.1	(0.8)	0.191			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			3.7	(0.4)		1.4	(0.6)	-2.4	(0.7)	0.001			6.4	(0.7)		1.5	(0.5)		0.4	(0.5)	-6.0	(0.9)	0.000			9.1	(1.0)		2.9	(0.6)		1.1	(0.4)	-8.1	(1.1)	0.000
	COL	Colombia			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	CRI	Costa Rica			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	CZE	Czech Republic			10.0	(0.7)			9.3	(1.0)		10.7	(0.8)	1.5	(1.2)	0.230			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			10.4	(0.7)		5.5	(1.7)	-4.9	(1.7)	0.003			19.6	(1.4)		6.0	(0.6)		0.2	(0.5)	-19.4	(1.7)	0.000			24.7	(1.6)		8.6	(0.9)		2.3	(0.7)	-22.4	(1.7)	0.000
	DNK	Denmark			11.2	(1.0)			9.2	(1.0)		13.4	(1.3)	4.2	(1.3)	0.002			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			12.1	(1.0)		5.5	(1.6)	-6.7	(1.6)	0.000			14.0	(1.2)		4.2	(1.7)		1.7	(1.2)	-12.2	(1.7)	0.000			25.2	(3.1)		11.9	(1.3)		3.5	(0.9)	-21.7	(3.3)	0.000
	EST	Estonia			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	FIN	Finland			18.2	(0.8)			14.4	(1.1)		22.2	(1.3)	7.8	(1.8)	0.000			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			19.2	(0.9)		10.1	(2.4)	-9.1	(2.7)	0.001			23.0	(1.0)		10.3	(1.5)		(u)	..	..	..	..			34.8	(2.0)		18.3	(1.3)		8.2	(1.2)	-26.5	(2.5)	0.000
	FRA	France			3.8	(0.6)			3.6	(0.8)		4.1	(0.7)	0.5	(0.8)	0.541			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			4.2	(0.7)		2.3	(0.9)	-1.9	(1.1)	0.097			6.3	(1.1)		1.4	(0.4)		1.6	(1.6)	-4.7	(1.8)	0.008			9.5	(1.7)		3.3	(0.8)		0.9	(0.4)	-8.6	(1.8)	0.000
	DEU	Germany			11.1	(0.8)			10.6	(1.0)		13.6	(1.1)	3.0	(1.3)	0.017			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			13.5	(1.0)		5.1	(1.1)	-8.4	(1.5)	0.000		(r)	19.7	(1.3)	(r)	6.0	(1.1)	(r)	1.8	(1.5)	-17.9	(2.1)	0.000		(r)	28.5	(2.2)	(r)	12.4	(1.4)	(r)	2.2	(0.7)	-26.3	(2.4)	0.000
	GRC	Greece			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	HUN	Hungary			16.6	(1.2)			14.1	(1.4)		19.2	(1.4)	5.1	(1.7)	0.002			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			17.0	(1.2)		(u)	..	..	..	..			30.6	(1.9)		10.5	(1.1)		1.0	(0.8)	-29.6	(2.3)	0.000			39.1	(2.8)		15.4	(1.1)		2.3	(0.9)	-36.8	(3.1)	0.000
	ISL	Iceland			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	IRL	Ireland			21.4	(1.2)			19.1	(1.7)		23.8	(1.7)	4.7	(2.5)	0.058			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			22.0	(1.2)		17.2	(2.4)	-4.8	(2.5)	0.059			26.8	(1.5)		14.5	(2.0)		7.7	(2.3)	-19.1	(2.8)	0.000			42.6	(2.6)		21.1	(1.3)		9.1	(1.4)	-33.6	(3.2)	0.000
	ISR	Israel			12.8	(0.9)			11.8	(1.1)		13.8	(1.1)	2.0	(1.3)	0.122			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			13.2	(1.1)		11.9	(1.8)	-1.3	(2.1)	0.525			18.5	(1.3)		3.9	(0.8)		2.2	(2.3)	-16.2	(2.9)	0.000			29.1	(2.4)		12.7	(1.2)		2.9	(0.8)	-26.3	(2.7)	0.000
	ITA	Italy			10.7	(0.8)			9.8	(0.9)		11.6	(1.1)	1.8	(1.2)	0.141			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			11.9	(0.9)		4.6	(1.1)	-7.3	(1.3)	0.000			20.2	(1.8)		10.6	(1.1)		3.8	(0.8)	-16.4	(2.1)	0.000			23.5	(1.7)		10.3	(1.1)		5.3	(0.9)	-18.2	(1.8)	0.000
	JPN	Japan			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	KOR	Korea			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	LVA	Latvia			13.6	(1.0)			10.9	(1.1)		16.0	(1.4)	5.0	(1.4)	0.000			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			14.4	(1.1)		7.5	(1.5)	-6.9	(1.8)	0.000			19.7	(1.8)		7.7	(1.0)		2.2	(2.1)	-17.5	(3.3)	0.000			26.3	(2.3)		13.8	(1.2)		3.6	(0.8)	-22.7	(2.4)	0.000
	LTU	Lithuania			12.3	(0.9)			9.3	(0.9)		15.3	(1.2)	6.0	(1.2)	0.000			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			13.2	(1.0)		5.6	(1.4)	-7.6	(1.7)	0.000			18.1	(1.3)		4.6	(1.1)		2.8	(2.6)	-15.4	(2.8)	0.000			27.0	(2.1)		11.7	(1.3)		2.4	(0.6)	-24.6	(2.2)	0.000
	LUX	Luxembourg			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	MEX	Mexico			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	NLD	Netherlands			8.4	(0.6)			7.3	(0.8)		9.5	(1.0)	2.2	(1.3)	0.095			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			9.3	(0.7)		4.4	(1.1)	-4.9	(1.4)	0.000		(r)	14.0	(1.2)	(r)	5.2	(1.3)	(r)	(u)	..	..	..	..		(r)	21.5	(2.6)	(r)	11.2	(1.2)	(r)	2.7	(1.3)	-18.8	(2.9)	0.000
	NZL	New Zealand	b.		11.1	(0.6)			8.7	(0.8)		13.6	(1.0)	4.9	(1.3)	0.000			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			(u)	..		(u)	..		(u)	..	..	..	..			(u)	..		(u)	..		(u)	..	..	..	..
	NOR	Norway	b.		14.9	(0.9)			11.0	(1.0)		18.9	(1.3)	7.9	(1.4)	0.000			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			15.6	(1.0)		10.3	(2.1)	-5.3	(2.2)	0.018			19.5	(1.2)		7.5	(1.1)		2.8	(2.2)	-16.8	(2.5)	0.000			31.7	(2.3)		15.8	(1.2)		6.8	(1.1)	-25.0	(2.5)	0.000
	POL	Poland			20.2	(1.1)			17.4	(1.4)		23.0	(1.4)	5.6	(1.7)	0.001			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			20.2	(1.1)		21.9	(4.3)	1.7	(4.3)	0.691			30.4	(1.6)		15.7	(1.7)		8.8	(1.6)	-21.7	(2.3)	0.000			38.1	(2.6)		19.6	(1.7)		7.8	(1.4)	-30.3	(3.1)	0.000
	PRT	Portugal			6.5	(0.9)			6.1	(1.1)		6.9	(1.0)	0.8	(0.9)	0.372			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			6.9	(1.0)		2.3	(1.0)	-4.7	(1.3)	0.000			12.3	(2.3)		3.9	(0.6)		2.2	(0.7)	-10.1	(2.4)	0.000			16.6	(3.4)		6.1	(0.9)		1.8	(0.4)	-14.7	(3.5)	0.000
	SVK	Slovak Republic			10.3	(0.8)			9.3	(0.8)		11.4	(1.2)	2.0	(1.2)	0.093			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			11.3	(0.9)		4.1	(1.0)	-7.2	(1.1)	0.000			20.3	(1.7)		6.3	(0.7)		0.3	(0.4)	-20.1	(1.6)	0.000			24.7	(2.1)		9.0	(1.0)		2.1	(0.5)	-22.6	(2.2)	0.000
	SVN	Slovenia			11.3	(0.8)			9.6	(0.8)		13.1	(1.2)	3.5	(1.3)	0.007			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			12.2	(0.9)		5.1	(1.2)	-7.1	(1.4)	0.000			17.3	(1.4)		5.0	(0.7)		0.5	(0.9)	-16.8	(1.5)	0.000			25.6	(2.4)		10.6	(1.2)		2.8	(0.7)	-22.8	(2.5)	0.000
	ESP	Spain			5.7	(0.4)			5.4	(0.5)		6.1	(0.5)	0.8	(0.7)	0.300			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			6.5	(0.5)		4.0	(0.6)	-2.5	(0.8)	0.003			8.6	(0.6)		4.5	(0.9)		1.6	(0.5)	-7.1	(0.6)	0.000			14.3	(1.1)		5.4	(0.5)		1.7	(0.4)	-12.7	(1.2)	0.000
	SWE	Sweden			13.7	(1.4)			11.1	(1.7)		16.7	(1.5)	5.6	(1.6)	0.001			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			14.6	(1.4)		9.7	(2.6)	-4.9	(2.3)	0.033			20.4	(2.0)		7.3	(1.5)		3.2	(3.1)	-17.2	(3.3)	0.000			30.8	(3.0)		15.8	(2.2)		4.4	(1.0)	-26.4	(3.4)	0.000
	CHE	Switzerland			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	TUR	Türkiye			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	GB-ENG	United Kingdom (England)	b.		20.1	(0.9)			17.1	(1.1)		23.3	(1.1)	6.2	(1.3)	0.000			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			20.7	(1.0)		18.2	(1.6)	-2.5	(1.6)	0.131			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	GB-NIR	United Kingdom (N. Ireland)			22.2	(1.4)			19.8	(1.5)		24.7	(1.8)	4.9	(1.8)	0.006			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			22.7	(1.4)		16.9	(3.7)	-5.8	(3.2)	0.069			(u)	..		(u)	..		(u)	..	..	..	..			(u)	..		(u)	..		(u)	..	..	..	..
	GB-SCT	United Kingdom (Scotland)			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	GB-WLS	United Kingdom (Wales)			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	USA	United States			16.1	(1.3)			14.5	(1.6)		17.8	(1.4)	3.2	(1.5)	0.037			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			17.4	(1.4)		10.7	(1.8)	-6.7	(2.1)	0.001			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	ARG	Argentina			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	BRA	Brazil			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	BGR	Bulgaria			19.2	(1.3)			16.4	(1.4)		22.0	(1.6)	5.6	(1.6)	0.000			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			21.9	(1.3)		6.5	(1.8)	-15.4	(2.0)	0.000			33.0	(1.8)		12.2	(1.3)		3.3	(1.5)	-29.7	(2.2)	0.000			40.0	(2.2)		17.3	(1.3)		3.6	(1.2)	-36.4	(2.5)	0.000
	HRV	Croatia			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	PER	Peru			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	ROU	Romania			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	CHN	China			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	IND	India			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	IDN	Indonesia			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	ZAF	South Africa			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	CYP	Cyprus			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	MLT	Malta	b.		0.9	(0.2)			0.9	(0.3)		0.9	(0.3)	-0.0	(0.4)	0.952			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			1.0	(0.2)		0.7	(0.3)	-0.3	(0.4)	0.396		(r)	1.6	(0.5)	(r)	0.9	(0.4)	(r)	0.5	(0.3)	-1.1	(0.5)	0.046			2.0	(0.6)		1.0	(0.3)		0.2	(0.2)	-1.8	(0.6)	0.003
	OAVG	OECD average			12.0	..
	..	not available
	(r)	Low reliability due to high missing data rate
	(u)	Omitted due to small sample size or very high missing data rate
	Notes:	Differences highlighted in bold are statistically significant at p<0.05
		The OECD average excludes Belgium (Flemish- and French-speaking regions) and the United Kingdom (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales)
		a. Data for Canada cover students from the provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Ontario, Quebec, and Saskatchewan, only.
		b. Data refer to children in the fifth year of formal schooling. Average ages at the time of testing were: England, 10.3; Malta, 9.7; New Zealand, 10.1; Norway, 10.8.
	**	Footnote by Turkey: The information in this document with reference to « Cyprus » relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognizes the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”;
	***	Footnote by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Commission: The Republic of Cyprus is recognized by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Turkey. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.
_x000D_&1#&"Calibri"&10&K0000FF Restricted Use - À usage restreint	
http://www.oecd.org/social/family/child-well-being/datahttps://oe.cd/child-well-beinghttps://oe.cd/child-well-being
2011
	oe.cd/child-well-being
	OECD Child Well-Being Data Portal
	Children who are top performers on the PIRLS reading assessment
	"Fourth grade" students who attained the Advanced International Benchmark on the PIRLS reading assessment
	2011
				Total				Gender										Migrant status										"Test" language spoken at home										Highest education level of the parents													TIMSS/PIRLS Home Resources for Learning Scale
								Male			Female			Difference (Female - Male)				No migrant background			Migrant background			Difference (Migrant - No migrant background)				Always or almost always			Sometimes or never			Difference (Sometimes or never - Always)				High education			Medium education			Low education			Difference (Low education - High education)				High (4th quartile)			Medium (2nd and 3rd quartiles)			Low (1st quartile)			Difference (Low - High)
	Country code	Country	Note
					%	S.E.			%	S.E.		%	S.E.	P.P.	S.E.	p-value			%	S.E.		%	S.E.	P.P.	S.E.	p-value			%	S.E.		%	S.E.	P.P.	S.E.	p-value			%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.	P.P.	S.E.	p-value			%	S.E.		%	S.E.		%	S.E.	P.P.	S.E.	p-value
	AUS	Australia			9.9	(0.7)			8.1	(0.8)		11.9	(1.2)	3.8	(1.6)	0.019			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			10.7	(0.8)		7.4	(1.6)	-3.4	(1.9)	0.082		(r)	18.2	(1.3)	(r)	6.8	(1.2)	(r)	2.0	(1.8)	-16.1	(2.0)	0.000		(r)	30.3	(2.8)	(r)	12.3	(1.2)	(r)	3.6	(0.9)	-26.7	(2.9)	0.000
	AUT	Austria			5.2	(0.5)			4.7	(0.6)		5.7	(0.6)	1.0	(0.7)	0.181			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			6.2	(0.6)		2.1	(0.7)	-4.1	(0.8)	0.000			9.4	(1.0)		3.4	(0.6)		0.7	(0.8)	-8.7	(1.3)	0.000			12.8	(1.4)		4.5	(0.6)		0.9	(0.3)	-11.9	(1.5)	0.000
	BE-VLG	Belgium (Flemish)			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	BE-WAL	Belgium (French)			2.3	(0.4)			2.2	(0.5)		2.3	(0.5)	0.0	(0.6)	0.969			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			2.7	(0.6)		1.3	(0.5)	-1.3	(0.7)	0.066			4.5	(0.8)		0.7	(0.4)		0.1	(0.2)	-4.5	(0.8)	0.000			7.6	(1.8)		2.1	(0.6)		0.2	(0.2)	-7.4	(1.8)	0.000
	CAN	Canada			12.9	(0.7)			11.0	(1.1)		15.0	(1.0)	4.0	(1.5)	0.007			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			13.7	(0.8)		11.1	(1.0)	-2.6	(1.2)	0.023		(r)	18.0	(1.0)	(r)	8.2	(0.7)	(r)	5.6	(3.0)	-12.4	(3.2)	0.000		(r)	27.2	(2.0)	(r)	13.2	(0.9)	(r)	5.0	(0.6)	-22.2	(2.2)	0.000
	CHL	Chile			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	COL	Colombia			1.0	(0.3)			1.0	(0.3)		1.0	(0.3)	-0.0	(0.4)	0.921			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			1.0	(0.3)		1.7	(1.0)	0.7	(0.9)	0.423			4.1	(1.1)		0.9	(0.6)		0.1	(0.1)	-3.9	(1.1)	0.000			3.9	(1.0)		0.5	(0.3)		0.0	(0.1)	-3.9	(1.0)	0.000
	CRI	Costa Rica			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	CZE	Czech Republic			8.2	(0.8)			7.7	(1.0)		8.9	(1.0)	1.2	(1.2)	0.303			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			8.8	(0.9)		4.8	(1.5)	-4.0	(1.8)	0.025			17.7	(1.9)		5.6	(0.9)		(u)	..	..	..	..			21.9	(2.3)		7.9	(1.0)		1.7	(0.7)	-20.2	(2.3)	0.000
	DNK	Denmark			12.5	(0.8)			10.6	(1.1)		14.4	(0.9)	3.7	(1.3)	0.004			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			14.0	(0.9)		6.3	(1.0)	-7.7	(1.3)	0.000			15.7	(0.9)		8.2	(1.7)		3.9	(2.0)	-11.8	(2.1)	0.000			28.6	(2.5)		13.5	(1.0)		4.6	(1.0)	-24.1	(2.9)	0.000
	EST	Estonia			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	FIN	Finland			18.4	(0.9)			13.7	(1.0)		23.3	(1.3)	9.7	(1.5)	0.000			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			19.5	(0.9)		9.2	(2.4)	-10.3	(2.6)	0.000			23.9	(1.2)		10.9	(1.4)		5.4	(2.3)	-18.4	(2.5)	0.000			33.9	(2.1)		19.6	(1.6)		7.3	(1.0)	-26.6	(2.4)	0.000
	FRA	France			5.2	(0.5)			5.1	(0.6)		5.4	(0.8)	0.3	(0.9)	0.700			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			5.9	(0.6)		3.0	(0.7)	-2.9	(0.8)	0.000			9.7	(1.1)		2.3	(0.5)		1.3	(0.7)	-8.4	(1.3)	0.000			14.5	(1.6)		4.2	(0.7)		0.8	(0.4)	-13.7	(1.7)	0.000
	DEU	Germany			9.5	(0.8)			9.6	(1.2)		11.1	(1.1)	1.5	(1.6)	0.336			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			11.8	(0.9)		4.6	(1.0)	-7.2	(1.2)	0.000		(r)	16.4	(1.2)	(r)	10.7	(2.6)	(r)	4.4	(1.0)	-11.9	(1.5)	0.000		(r)	25.6	(1.8)	(r)	10.4	(1.1)	(r)	2.8	(0.9)	-22.7	(2.1)	0.000
	GRC	Greece			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	HUN	Hungary			12.2	(0.9)			10.8	(0.8)		13.8	(1.2)	3.0	(1.1)	0.006			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			12.5	(0.9)		3.1	(2.0)	-9.5	(2.1)	0.000			27.6	(1.7)		11.6	(1.2)		3.2	(0.7)	-24.4	(1.9)	0.000			32.9	(2.1)		10.4	(0.9)		2.6	(0.5)	-30.3	(2.1)	0.000
	ISL	Iceland			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	IRL	Ireland			15.8	(0.9)			14.1	(1.1)		17.7	(1.3)	3.7	(1.6)	0.022			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			16.7	(1.0)		11.7	(1.8)	-5.0	(1.9)	0.010			22.7	(1.3)		9.7	(1.2)		4.2	(1.0)	-18.5	(1.7)	0.000			38.9	(3.4)		15.5	(1.2)		3.6	(1.0)	-35.2	(3.7)	0.000
	ISR	Israel			15.2	(0.9)			15.0	(1.2)		15.4	(1.1)	0.4	(1.4)	0.791			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			16.2	(1.0)		12.9	(1.8)	-3.4	(2.0)	0.096		(r)	27.0	(1.7)	(r)	7.4	(1.1)	(r)	1.8	(1.2)	-25.2	(1.9)	0.000		(r)	37.2	(2.5)	(r)	18.7	(1.4)	(r)	4.2	(0.9)	-33.0	(2.6)	0.000
	ITA	Italy			9.7	(0.7)			9.6	(1.0)		9.8	(0.9)	0.2	(1.2)	0.849			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			11.1	(0.8)		4.9	(1.2)	-6.1	(1.4)	0.000			20.0	(2.2)		10.0	(1.0)		3.3	(0.8)	-16.7	(2.3)	0.000			23.4	(2.5)		9.6	(0.9)		3.5	(0.7)	-19.9	(2.7)	0.000
	JPN	Japan			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	KOR	Korea			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	LVA	Latvia			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	LTU	Lithuania	a.		6.0	(0.6)			4.8	(0.6)		7.4	(0.9)	2.6	(1.1)	0.014			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			6.9	(0.6)		2.3	(0.6)	-4.5	(0.8)	0.000			11.8	(1.3)		3.2	(0.5)		0.2	(0.5)	-11.6	(1.3)	0.000			15.0	(1.6)		4.7	(0.7)		1.4	(0.7)	-13.6	(1.6)	0.000
	LUX	Luxembourg			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	MEX	Mexico			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	NLD	Netherlands			6.5	(0.6)			5.5	(0.7)		7.6	(0.8)	2.2	(0.9)	0.021			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			7.6	(0.7)		2.9	(0.8)	-4.7	(1.1)	0.000		(r)	12.9	(1.3)	(r)	5.4	(1.3)	(r)	2.9	(1.5)	-10.0	(2.3)	0.000		(r)	18.7	(2.6)	(r)	9.3	(1.3)	(r)	2.9	(0.7)	-15.8	(2.7)	0.000
	NZL	New Zealand	b.		13.7	(0.7)			11.5	(0.9)		16.1	(0.9)	4.6	(1.3)	0.000			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			15.9	(0.9)		7.4	(1.0)	-8.5	(1.5)	0.000		(r)	26.2	(1.4)	(r)	12.9	(1.6)	(r)	5.3	(1.1)	-20.9	(1.7)	0.000		(r)	37.2	(3.9)	(r)	20.8	(1.5)	(r)	5.0	(0.8)	-32.2	(4.1)	0.000
	NOR	Norway	c.		1.9	(0.3)			1.5	(0.4)		2.3	(0.5)	0.7	(0.6)	0.186			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			2.1	(0.4)		1.2	(0.8)	-0.9	(0.8)	0.262			2.7	(0.4)		0.8	(0.6)		(u)	..	..	..	..			4.7	(1.3)		2.0	(0.5)		0.2	(0.3)	-4.4	(1.3)	0.000
	POL	Poland			7.2	(0.6)			6.0	(0.6)		8.6	(0.9)	2.6	(0.9)	0.004			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			7.5	(0.7)		5.1	(1.2)	-2.4	(1.3)	0.079			16.3	(1.4)		5.2	(0.7)		1.7	(0.7)	-14.6	(1.6)	0.000			20.0	(1.7)		5.2	(0.7)		1.6	(0.7)	-18.4	(1.9)	0.000
	PRT	Portugal			9.2	(1.0)			7.9	(1.1)		10.6	(1.5)	2.8	(1.6)	0.083			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			9.7	(1.1)		5.0	(1.5)	-4.7	(1.6)	0.004			17.9	(1.9)		7.8	(1.5)		4.8	(1.0)	-13.1	(1.7)	0.000			18.9	(2.1)		8.9	(1.2)		2.7	(0.8)	-16.2	(1.9)	0.000
	SVK	Slovak Republic			7.8	(0.6)			6.8	(0.7)		9.0	(0.9)	2.2	(1.0)	0.035			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			8.9	(0.7)		4.0	(0.9)	-4.9	(0.9)	0.000			17.0	(1.5)		5.2	(0.5)		0.3	(0.7)	-16.7	(1.5)	0.000			20.4	(1.7)		6.8	(0.7)		2.3	(0.7)	-18.2	(1.7)	0.000
	SVN	Slovenia			7.7	(0.7)			6.2	(0.7)		9.4	(1.1)	3.2	(1.2)	0.008			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			11.8	(1.0)		4.6	(0.7)		1.8	(2.3)	-10.1	(2.6)	0.000			19.0	(2.0)		7.5	(0.9)		2.7	(0.9)	-16.2	(2.3)	0.000
	ESP	Spain			3.9	(0.5)			3.7	(0.6)		4.1	(0.7)	0.4	(0.8)	0.611			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			4.5	(0.6)		2.7	(0.6)	-1.8	(0.8)	0.024			8.0	(1.1)		2.5	(0.8)		1.3	(0.4)	-6.7	(1.2)	0.000			10.2	(1.4)		3.3	(0.6)		1.3	(0.5)	-9.0	(1.4)	0.000
	SWE	Sweden			9.0	(0.9)			7.1	(0.9)		11.3	(1.3)	4.2	(1.3)	0.001			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			10.3	(1.1)		4.5	(1.2)	-5.8	(1.4)	0.000			14.5	(1.6)		4.9	(1.2)		3.0	(3.4)	-11.5	(3.9)	0.003			23.4	(3.1)		10.0	(1.1)		2.0	(1.0)	-21.4	(3.3)	0.000
	CHE	Switzerland			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	TUR	Türkiye			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	GB-ENG	United Kingdom (England)	b.		18.3	(1.1)			14.4	(1.1)		22.4	(1.6)	8.1	(1.8)	0.000			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			19.7	(1.2)		13.5	(2.0)	-6.2	(2.1)	0.003			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	GB-NIR	United Kingdom (N. Ireland)			18.6	(1.2)			15.6	(1.4)		22.0	(1.5)	6.4	(1.6)	0.000			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			19.1	(1.2)		15.7	(2.7)	-3.5	(2.8)	0.221		(r)	34.3	(2.5)	(r)	17.7	(2.0)	(r)	10.5	(2.8)	-23.8	(3.4)	0.000		(r)	44.6	(3.5)	(r)	23.3	(1.9)	(r)	7.4	(1.9)	-37.2	(3.7)	0.000
	GB-SCT	United Kingdom (Scotland)			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	GB-WLS	United Kingdom (Wales)			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	USA	United States			17.3	(0.7)			15.6	(0.7)		19.1	(0.9)	3.5	(0.9)	0.000			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			19.0	(0.8)		7.9	(0.9)	-11.1	(1.1)	0.000			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	ARG	Argentina			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	BRA	Brazil			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	BGR	Bulgaria			11.2	(0.9)			8.9	(0.9)		13.6	(1.1)	4.6	(1.0)	0.000			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			13.9	(1.0)		3.7	(0.9)	-10.3	(1.3)	0.000			22.9	(1.5)		7.8	(1.0)		1.6	(0.6)	-21.3	(1.6)	0.000			29.1	(2.1)		10.9	(0.9)		2.0	(0.7)	-27.1	(2.2)	0.000
	HRV	Croatia			11.1	(0.7)			9.3	(0.8)		13.0	(1.1)	3.7	(1.4)	0.009			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			11.5	(0.8)		9.2	(1.9)	-2.3	(2.0)	0.265			20.7	(2.0)		8.2	(0.9)		2.6	(1.8)	-18.1	(2.9)	0.000			23.8	(2.2)		10.8	(0.9)		3.9	(0.7)	-19.9	(2.5)	0.000
	PER	Peru			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	ROU	Romania			6.6	(0.8)			5.7	(1.0)		7.7	(0.9)	2.0	(1.1)	0.063			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			7.1	(0.9)		3.9	(1.2)	-3.2	(1.4)	0.025			19.1	(2.1)		5.7	(0.8)		0.8	(0.4)	-18.3	(2.1)	0.000			17.9	(1.9)		4.5	(0.8)		0.6	(0.4)	-17.4	(1.9)	0.000
	CHN	China			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	IND	India			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	IDN	Indonesia			0.3	(0.1)			0.2	(0.1)		0.3	(0.2)	0.1	(0.3)	0.569			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			0.2	(0.2)		0.3	(0.1)	0.1	(0.2)	0.574			0.9	(0.4)		0.4	(0.3)		0.0	(0.0)	-0.9	(0.5)	0.060			0.7	(0.3)		0.2	(0.2)		0.0	(0.0)	-0.7	(0.3)	0.014
	ZAF	South Africa			3.9	(0.8)			3.1	(0.8)		4.7	(1.2)	1.6	(1.3)	0.214			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			8.0	(1.7)		1.0	(0.4)	-7.0	(1.7)	0.000		(r)	12.1	(3.2)	(r)	2.2	(0.9)	(r)	0.0	(0.1)	-12.0	(3.2)	0.000		(r)	13.8	(3.2)	(r)	2.0	(0.7)	(r)	0.0	(0.0)	-13.8	(3.2)	0.000
	CYP	Cyprus			..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..			..	..		..	..		..	..	..	..	..
	MLT	Malta	b.		4.3	(0.4)			4.0	(0.5)		4.7	(0.7)	0.7	(0.9)	0.467			..	..		..	..	..	..	..			7.6	(1.3)		3.7	(0.4)	-3.8	(1.3)	0.004		(r)	12.1	(1.3)	(r)	4.6	(0.9)	(r)	1.5	(0.4)	-10.6	(1.4)	0.000			12.5	(1.4)		3.8	(0.8)		0.8	(0.3)	-11.7	(1.4)	0.000
	OAVG	OECD average			9.4	..
	..	not available
	(r)	Low reliability due to high missing data rate
	(u)	Omitted due to small sample size or very high missing data rate
	Notes:	Differences highlighted in bold are statistically significant at p<0.05
		The OECD average excludes Belgium (Flemish- and French-speaking regions) and the United Kingdom (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales)
		a. Data for Lithuania cover students taught in Lithuanian, only.
		b. Data refer to children in the fifth year of formal schooling. Average ages at the time of testing were: England, 10.3; Malta, 9.8; New Zealand, 10.1.
		c. Data for Norway did not satisfy the TIMSS/PIRLS guidelines for sample participation rates
	**	Footnote by Turkey: The information in this document with reference to « Cyprus » relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognizes the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”;
	***	Footnote by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Commission: The Republic of Cyprus is recognized by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Turkey. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.
_x000D_&1#&"Calibri"&10&K0000FF Restricted Use - À usage restreint	
http://www.oecd.org/social/family/child-well-being/datahttps://oe.cd/child-well-beinghttps://oe.cd/child-well-being